Bismuth (Bi)
Bismuth (Bi) is element 83, a post-transition metal. Atomic mass 208.9804, configuration [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³. Properties, isotopes, oxidation states, uses and history, with an interactive 3D atom model.
Key facts
| Atomic number | 83 |
|---|---|
| Symbol | Bi |
| Standard atomic weight | 208.98040(1) |
| Category | Post-transition Metal |
| Group | 15 |
| Period | 6 |
| State at room temperature | Solid |
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³ |
| Valence electrons | 5 |
| Common oxidation states | +3 |
| Common ions | No common ions |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.9 |
| First ionization energy | 703 kJ/mol |
| Electron affinity | 90.92 kJ/mol |
| Atomic radius | 160 pm |
| Density | 9.79 g/cm³ |
| Melting point | 271.41°C |
| Boiling point | 1564°C |
| Specific heat | 0.122 J/(g·°C) |
Natural isotopes
- Bi-209: Radioactive (100%, α, t½ ~2.01×10¹⁹ y)
Common uses
- Pepto-Bismol (Stomach relief)
- Lead-free shot/solder
- Fire sprinklers
Where it matters
- Green Chemistry (Non-toxic lead replacement)
Hazards
- Low toxicity (unusual for heavy metals)
History
| Discovered | ~1000 CE |
|---|---|
| Discovered by | Alchemists (confused with Pb/Sn) |
| Name | German Wismut (mass) |