Niobium (Nb)
Niobium (Nb) is element 41, a transition metal. Atomic mass 92.90637, configuration [Kr] 4d⁴ 5s¹. Properties, isotopes, oxidation states, uses and history, with an interactive 3D atom model.
Key facts
| Atomic number | 41 |
|---|---|
| Symbol | Nb |
| Standard atomic weight | 92.90637(1) |
| Category | Transition Metal |
| Group | 5 |
| Period | 5 |
| State at room temperature | Solid |
| Electron configuration | [Kr] 4d⁴ 5s¹ |
| Valence electrons | 1 (Variable) |
| Common oxidation states | +5 |
| Common ions | No common ions |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.6 |
| First ionization energy | 652 kJ/mol |
| Electron affinity | 88.38 kJ/mol |
| Atomic radius | 198 pm |
| Density | 8.57 g/cm³ |
| Melting point | 2472°C |
| Boiling point | 4744°C |
| Specific heat | 0.265 J/(g·°C) |
Natural isotopes
- Nb-93: Stable
Common uses
- Superconducting magnets (MRI)
- Pipelines
- Hypoallergenic jewelry
Where it matters
- MRI Technology (Superconducting magnets)
- Steel production
Hazards
- Dust causes eye/skin irritation
History
| Discovered | 1801 |
|---|---|
| Discovered by | Charles Hatchett |
| Name | Niobe (daughter of Tantalus) |