Sulfur (S)
Sulfur (S) is element 16, a nonmetal. Atomic mass 32.06, configuration [Ne] 3s² 3p⁴. Properties, isotopes, oxidation states, uses and history, with an interactive 3D atom model.
Key facts
| Atomic number | 16 |
|---|---|
| Symbol | S |
| Standard atomic weight | [32.059,32.076] |
| Category | Other nonmetal |
| Group | 16 |
| Period | 3 |
| State at room temperature | Solid |
| Electron configuration | [Ne] 3s² 3p⁴ |
| Valence electrons | 6 |
| Common oxidation states | -2, +2, +4, +6 |
| Common ions | S²⁻ |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 2.58 |
| First ionization energy | 1000 kJ/mol |
| Electron affinity | 200.4 kJ/mol |
| Atomic radius | 88 pm |
| Density | 2.07 g/cm³ |
| Melting point | 115.21°C |
| Boiling point | 444.60°C |
| Specific heat | 0.708 J/(g·°C) |
Natural isotopes
- S-32: Stable
- S-33: Stable
- S-34: Stable
- S-36: Stable
Common uses
- Fertilizers
- Gunpowder
- Vulcanization of rubber
Where it matters
- Industrial Chemistry (Sulfuric acid production)
- Environmental Science (Acid Rain/SO₂)
Hazards
- SO₂ gas is toxic and corrosive
History
| Discovered | Prehistoric |
|---|---|
| Discovered by | Ancient Civilizations |
| Name | Antoine Lavoisier (established as element) |