Copper (Cu)
Copper (Cu) is element 29, a transition metal. Atomic mass 63.546, configuration [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹. Properties, isotopes, oxidation states, uses and history, with an interactive 3D atom model.
Key facts
| Atomic number | 29 |
|---|---|
| Symbol | Cu |
| Standard atomic weight | 63.546(3) |
| Category | Transition Metal |
| Group | 11 |
| Period | 4 |
| State at room temperature | Solid |
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹ |
| Valence electrons | 1 (Variable) |
| Common oxidation states | +2 |
| Common ions | Cu⁺, Cu²⁺ |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.9 |
| First ionization energy | 746 kJ/mol |
| Electron affinity | 119.2 kJ/mol |
| Atomic radius | 145 pm |
| Density | 8.96 g/cm³ |
| Melting point | 1084.62°C |
| Boiling point | 2562°C |
| Specific heat | 0.385 J/(g·°C) |
Natural isotopes
- Cu-63: Stable
- Cu-65: Stable
Common uses
- Wiring
- Plumbing
- Alloys (Bronze/Brass)
Where it matters
- Electrification (Global grid)
- Antimicrobial properties (Hospital surfaces)
Hazards
- Toxic to invertebrates/aquatic life
- essential for humans
History
| Discovered | Prehistoric (~9000 BCE) |
|---|---|
| Discovered by | Middle Eastern Civilizations |
| Name | From Latin Cyprium (Metal of Cyprus) |