Neodymium (Nd)
Neodymium (Nd) is element 60, a lanthanide. Atomic mass 144.242, configuration [Xe] 4f⁴ 6s². Properties, isotopes, oxidation states, uses and history, with an interactive 3D atom model.
Key facts
| Atomic number | 60 |
|---|---|
| Symbol | Nd |
| Standard atomic weight | 144.242(3) |
| Category | Lanthanide |
| Period | 6 |
| State at room temperature | Solid |
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f⁴ 6s² |
| Valence electrons | 2 (Variable) |
| Common oxidation states | +3 |
| Common ions | No common ions |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.14 |
| First ionization energy | 533 kJ/mol |
| Atomic radius | 185 pm |
| Density | 7.01 g/cm³ |
| Melting point | 1016°C |
| Boiling point | 3074°C |
| Specific heat | 0.19 J/(g·°C) |
Natural isotopes
- Nd-142: Stable
- Nd-143: Stable
- Nd-144: Stable
- Nd-145: Stable
- Nd-146: Stable
- Nd-148: Stable
Common uses
- Strongest permanent magnets (NdFeB)
- Lasers (Nd:YAG)
- Glass coloring (purple)
Where it matters
- Green Technology (Essential for EV motors and Wind Turbines)
Hazards
- Dust is flammable
- magnets can cause pinching injuries
History
| Discovered | 1885 |
|---|---|
| Discovered by | Carl Auer von Welsbach |
| Name | From Greek neos didymos (new twin) |