Vanadium (V)
Vanadium (V) is element 23, a transition metal. Atomic mass 50.9415, configuration [Ar] 3d³ 4s². Properties, isotopes, oxidation states, uses and history, with an interactive 3D atom model.
Key facts
| Atomic number | 23 |
|---|---|
| Symbol | V |
| Standard atomic weight | 50.9415(1) |
| Category | Transition Metal |
| Group | 5 |
| Period | 4 |
| State at room temperature | Solid |
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d³ 4s² |
| Valence electrons | 2 (Variable) |
| Common oxidation states | +5 |
| Common ions | No common ions |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.63 |
| First ionization energy | 651 kJ/mol |
| Electron affinity | 50.66 kJ/mol |
| Atomic radius | 171 pm |
| Density | 6 g/cm³ |
| Melting point | 1928°C |
| Boiling point | 3407°C |
| Specific heat | 0.489 J/(g·°C) |
Natural isotopes
- V-50: Radioactive
- V-51: Stable
Common uses
- Ferrovanadium alloys (Tools, Axles)
- Sulfuric acid catalyst (V₂O₅)
Where it matters
- Materials Science (High-speed steel tools)
Hazards
- Compounds (especially V₂O₅) are toxic
History
| Discovered | 1801 |
|---|---|
| Discovered by | Andrés Manuel del Río |
| Name | Nils Gabriel Sefström (Vanadis, Norse goddess) |